Persian Gulf Day

A Week lecture on Persian Gulf

2006-01-04T21:53:00.000-08:00

Last night I attended another lecture on Persian Gulf at Khaneh-ye Honarmandan, The House of Iranian Artists (official site in Persian and English: http://iranao.com/ ).

I enjoyed the first part on history of Persian Gulf in Movies and Documentaries. The second part, lecture of Dr Mojtahed-zadeh was not held...!!!

Outside the hall, hundreds of people, young and old, packed two floors and stairways for memorial of Morteza Momayez the "Father of Iranian Graphics" who died 40 days ago.

In the hall though, the majority of audience for Persian Gulf were well over 60 or 70 years old. Seemingly still the older generation in Iran knows more and is more sensitive about Persian Gulf Issues and history.

Inside Iran the new generation is not confronted with everyday use of "Arabian Gulf" and is less informed than the ones outside Iran.

There is a lot to do for informing friends and family members in Iran about what is happening on the international scene about part of their heritage.

(here is the list of monthly programs of House of Iranian Artists http://iranao.com/program.php )

2005-09-07T09:46:00.000-07:00

Persian Gulf Environment III
UNEP described
The Destruction of Iraqi Marshlands
as
One of the Worst Environmental Disasters in History,

ranking it with the desiccation of the Aral Sea
and the deforestation of the Amazon Rainforests.

A report released by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2001 alerted the world that
only about 7 percent of the once-extensive Iraqi marshlands remained.

Training for Iraq's wetland managers

Canada-Iraq Marshlands Initiative

Satellite evidence showed the wetland complex UNEP called
"a biodiversity center of global importance,"
that had once covered an area of 5,800 to 7,700 square miles (15,000 to 20,000 square kilometers), had shrunk to a 386-square-mile (1,000-square-kilometer) marsh straddling the Iran-Iraq border.

UNEP described it as one of the worst environmental disasters in history, ranking it with the desiccation of the Aral Sea and the deforestation of the Amazon rainforests. The marshlands are a breeding ground and stop-over point for migratory birds. The environmental degradation put an estimated 40 species of birds and untold species of fish at risk, and led to the extinction of at least seven species. Two other species—the Sacred Ibis and African Darter—are near extinction.

Destruction of the wetlands was also devastating to agriculture and water quality, and many of the Marsh Arabs were forced to move to Iran or became internally displaced people in Iraq. In the long term, the drying of the marshes could contribute to climate change in the region.

Canada-Iraq Marshlands Initiative

Training for Iraq's wetland managers

Iraq is not yet a Ramsar Convention Contracting Party but its Government has indicated strong interest in accession in the near future.

The first Iraqi National Marshland Managers Training Course was held June 26-July 6, 2005 in the city of Basrah, Iraq -- designed as the first in a series of annual courses, this year's edition covered 12 days including a field trip to the Central Marsh.

The course was exclusively for Iraqis, and is presented in Arabic. A course manual was published, and will be updated and added to in future courses (see http://www.cimiwetlands.net/).

Iraq partners include the Iraq Foundation, Nature Iraq, the University of Basrah, and government ministries. Assistance for the development of this new national course was provided by the University of Waterloo in Canada, the Canadian International Development Agency, and Environment Canada.

It included 30 participants nominated by their institutions, including middle managers and graduate students. They represent a cross-section of the institutions engaged in the study and management of the marshes of Iraq.

Participants included six from the Iraq Ministry of the Environment, six from the Iraq Ministry of Water Resources, three from Thi Qar University, two from Babylon University, one from the University of Technology, one from Kufa University, and five from the Faculty of Science, five from the Marine Science Center, two from the Faculty of Agriculture, and one from Faculty of Education - all at Basrah University.

Lecturers in this course included 17 of Iraq's top university scientists in their respective fields. The lectures provided a cross-section of information on the ecology, biology, management and importance of the southern marshlands of Iraq.

The lectures included: Geographical Setting, Geochemistry and Sedimentology, Hydrology, Marsh Destruction and Impacts, Wetland Ecosystems, Aquatic Plants, Phytoplankton and Primary Productivity, Zooplankton and Secondary Production, Insects, Benthic Fauna, Fish, Socio-Economic Values, Mammals, Birds, Water Quality and Pollution, and Restoration Efforts.

Japan Helps the marshlands
http://www.komei.or.jp/en/news/2004/0318.htm
National Geography
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0501_030501_arabmarshes_2.html
Reviving Eden
http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200403/reviving.eden.htm

Canada Iraq Marshlands Initiative
http://www.cimiwetlands.net/
Gallery:
Vistas
http://www.cimiwetlands.net/gallery/vistas
People of the Marshlands
http://www.cimiwetlands.net/gallery/people
Birdlife
http://www.cimiwetlands.net/gallery/birdlife

2005-08-13T13:14:00.000-07:00

In 1765, There Were Over 800 Ships In Kwait .........

History of
Shipbuilding
and Craftsmanship
in Kuwait

The European Travelers who visited Kuwait and the Arabian Peninsula praised the skills of the Kuwaitis and their superiority in shipbuilding. When the Danish traveler Carsten Niebuhr visited Kuwait

In 1765, he praised the maritime skills of the Kuwaitis who owned eight hundred ships and lived on commerce, fishing and pearl diving. .

After nearly one hundred years, in 1862,
William Palgrave confirmed what Niebuhr said before, by mentioning that the Kuwait harbor was considered the largest, since it attracts hundreds of ships. He praised the skills of the Kuwaitis and their courage. He also referred to the high position that they occupied among the sailors of the Gulf. Additionally, the British Political Agent in Kuwait, Dixon, referred to Kuwait’s maritime renown confirming that the best ships in the Gulf area were built in Kuwait. Eissa Al-Qattami also praised the Kuwaitis’ superiority in shipbuilding when he said that they mastered this craft due to their experience, until they became the most skilful shipbuilders. Their ships were known for their strength and their fitness for navigation.

Types of Ships

Among the types of diving ships are: (Al-Batteel, Baqaara, Sanbouk, Boom, Jalboot and Shoui).

The largest submarine in Kuwait was the boom of the late Abdullah bin Nasser Bourseli, which was named Naif and built in 1921.

The largest sailboat made in Kuwait was a large boom named (Fateh Al-Khair). It was called the Big Dhow, built in 1914 by the late Abdullah bin Rashed for the late Hamad Abdullah Al-Saqr, one of the well known merchants and owner of large ships: traveling ships (maritime transport).

The largest modern ship was built in 1940 by the late Hajj Ahmad Salman Al-Ustadh for the late Ahmad Al-Ghanem, and was named (Mushref). It was larger than the Dhow, and had an engine beside the sail to move it. Fateh Al-Khair Sailing Boom The only Kuwaiti ship kept by the government was a large boom (called Al-Muhalab) built in 1936 for the late Thanian Al-Ghanem.

Shipbuilders

1. Ship Caulking

Ship building in Kuwait was known as “Ship Caulking”, and to “Caulk” a ship is to pierce its boards with fibers, and to fill the openings with tar. The word “caulking” is derived from the word “Caulker” (Qalaf) -plural “Caulkers” (Qalaleef)-, which means the persons who build large ships and sailboats, and who undertakes the smoothing, caulking and preparation of wood.

This was considered a very difficult activity that necessitated that the workers spend the whole day, from sunrise to sunset, working under difficult conditions.

They also built various types of large and small ships, traveling ships (maritime transport), pearl diving ships and fishing ships. They also built modern ships and commercial yachts.

The Kuwaiti caulkers were among the most skilful and famous caulkers in the Gulf area. Due to their experience and exercise, they built large ships in a relatively short time, with the best style.

The chief caulker was called “Al-Ustadh” , and had a number of caulkers working with him.

The chief caulker of the ship (Al-Ustadh) had a number of workers joined the craft of ship caulking and worked under the leadership of a “Chief Caulker” or “Al-Ustadh”. He was responsible for directing the workers on account of his experience in shipbuilding.

He was like the Engineer Of The Ship as he designed it congenitally and through practice.

Besides building of ships, Al-Ustadh undertook the reparation of ships as well. He was also asked to accompany the ship during its long journeys as his presence made the crew of the ship feel secure against any dangers that might hit the ship.

This was the reason why the shipmasters (Nawakhedha) competed to accompany the well-known chief caulkers, in return for shares of nearly 250 rupees for the chief caulker.

There were a number of prominent Kuwaiti chief caulkers, not only in Kuwait, but in the whole Persian Gulf area as well.

A person called “Al-Mjaddemi” helped the chief of the ship (Al-Ustadh) in supervising the workers, and took his place if he was absent.

The Caulkers (“Qalaleef”), or the Ship Carpenters, on the other hand, were responsible for building the wooden boards of ships. While the Qalaleef performed their jobs, the nailers ("Al-Daraboun" or "Al-Darareeb") hammer the iron nails into the wood.

There was also “Al-Mazouri” who worked in carrying the wooden boards. In addition, a young boy called “Al-Waleed” was responsible for collecting “Al-Qashbar”, the small pieces of wood that were used as firewood in houses.

He also helped the workers by handing them their tools during work, and observed them to learn the craft.

Materials Used in Shipbuilding

1. Wood

Kuwaitis depended on building ships using different types of wood brought from India and East Africa. Teak was considered the most important kind of wood used for this purpose. This was due to its flexibility and outstanding durability. It was brought from Nagpur in India, and was used for building the walls, decks and ribs of the ship. Sometimes, “Al-Shalameen” or the ribs of the ship were made of a kind of wood called “Sobeit”, which was brought from Somalia. “Beess” or the base of the ship was made of a kind of wood called “Al-Jankari”, which was known for its solidity and strength and was brought from Nagpur.

2. Ship nails

Shipbuilding depended on the nails as well as wood. Blacksmiths in Kuwait made these nails. They were also brought from Abadan and India in different sizes and lengths according to the place in which they were to be placed. Their lengths also varied from one cubit or more, to the length of the normal nail.

3. Al-Fatail

They were cotton threads used to fill the gaps between wooden boards after being immersed in “Sull”, or fat. This was done to stick the wooden boards to each other and prevent the leakage of water inside the ship. These threads were brought from Dubai and India.

4. Al-Sull and Al-Shawna

Putting twines between the wood boards to prevent water from entering the shipFat (or “Al-Sull”) was extracted from fish. It was brought from Southern Arabian Peninsula and Nagpur in India. It was used to embrocate the wood of the ships after making them because it helped to make them more durable and long lasting. Al-Shawna, on the other hand, is a mixture of fat and lime. It was used to paint the lower part of the ship to resist the salinity of water. The lower part of the ship might be painted with copper so as to prevent the erosion of wood.

5. The texture used for making sails (Al-Ghazl)

Kuwaitis used to bring the texture from Bahrain, India and Karachi in the form of “Durriyat” or cloth whose length varied from forty to fifty meters. Then, they cut the cloth into rectangular pieces called “Al-Shuqaq”, which formed the sail according to its size and type.

6. The ship ropes

The ropes made of coir or palm fiber which were brought from Calcutta in the form of small or large bundles were necessary. Those ropes were tied in different ways, and defined according to their length, thickness, usage and kind. The thick rope was called “Al-Ammar” while the best kind of rope was called “Al-Sarkali”. There were other kinds of ropes as well, such as cotton ropes, alpi and hairless ropes.There were some kinds of rope that were tied to the mast and the sail of the ship.

For example, there were “leziar”, the rope tied to the mast, “Al-Ammareen”, the two ropes tied to the right and left sides in the middle of the mast, “Al-Baiaweer” in the front part of the mast and “Al-Khamari” at its top, which were used to strengthen the sail. Each of them had its particular usage.

Tools Used in Shipbuilding

The tools used in shipbuilding were very simple. It is also worth mentioning that the various kinds of ships that used to fill the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean no longer exist, despite their solidity and perfection. The most important tools used for building ships were:

Al-Manqar: ...a tool used for the boring and cleaning of wood.
Manqar Kalafat: ...an iron tool, which was divided at the end into two parts, used to insert threads between wooden logs in order to prevent the leakage of water into it.
Adze: ....a tool used for carving wood.
The Saw: ....a tool used for cutting wood, having teeth in different sizes, either large or small, each of which was used for a specific purpose.
Fastener: ....a tool used by the workers to hold pieces of wood together.
The knife: ....a tool used to hold pieces of wood together.
The hammer: ....a tool used to drive nails in the wood of the ships.
Al-Majdah: .....a tool used to bore wood by using the bow in order to facilitate the hammering of nails in it.
The bow: .....a rectangular cylindrical wood with a thin strip attached to its ends used to operate the “Al-Majdah” to bore wood of ships.
Al-Randa: .....(the plane), used for smoothing wood.
The cubit: ....a triangular, scaled metal piece, having a hole from which a thin rope hangs, at he end of which there was a small metal weight attached. This tool was used to measure the angle of inclination and the balance of the ship.
The thread: .....used to measure the length of the wooden pieces used to build the ship.
Al-Shaka: .....the piece of chalk used by Al-Ustadh to mark the pieces of wood used to build the ship.
Al-Maibar: .....a large needle used for sewing the sails of the ship.
Al-Bald: .....a block of lead having a hole in which a scaled rope is fastened, used to measure the depth of water.

The Outer Body Of The Ship

It was the base of the ship and its backbone; the principal part by which the shipbuilding begins, and from which all ribs extend.
Mil Sadr: the front part of the ship.
Mil Tafr: the back of the ship.
Al-Malek: the wooden board extending on the Bees.
Al-Khad: the wooden board extending beneath the Bees.
Al-Berimel: placed above the “mil” to keep the balance.

Caulkers Building a Ship
Al-Daouma:
placed on the front part of the Beess at “Mil Sadr” to protect it in case of collision.
Al-Kamar (the belt):
a thick wooden board placed around the middle of the ship in order to fasten it.
Al-Qubtan:
a wooden board placed above al-kamar (the belt) that surrounded the ship.
Al-Manzhara:
a wooden board placed between Al-Kamar (the belt) and Al-Qubtan.
Al-Terik:
the last wooden board in the body of the ship placed at the edge.
Al-Zebedra:
one of the boards of the ship placed at the sides of the tafr.
Al-Hejab:
the front part of the back of the ship.
Al-Aaliya:
the front part of the ship.
Al-Jeld:
the lower part of the front and the back of the ship.
Al-Qaem:
a vertical board at the back of the ship.
Al-Kalb:
a wooden rib at the front of the ship.
Al-Khesa and Al-Tearada:
protruding, wooden ribs at the back of the ship, used to fasten the flag, the sail ropes and the large and the small stake supporting Al-Farman.
Al-Satour:
a protruding piece of wood at the front of the ship.Al-Falki: a barrier for protection at the back of the ship.

The Inner Parts Of The Ship And Its Deck

Sour Al-Daqal:
The points on which the large mast was based.
The masts:
a number of wooden pieces in different sizes that extended from the front to the back of the ship to support the deck boards.
Al-Mashaiat:
openings in which the masts of the ship were fixed, and were also used for loading different commodities.Al-Ubaidar: a fixed wooden reel used to raise the sail.
The deck boards:
wooden boards that constituted the deck of the ship.
Al-Fah:
the internal belt of the ship, which was placed in the middle.
The masts of Al-Neem and its boards:
the part at the back of the ship consisting of a storeroom to store victuals. It was called “Al-Dabbousa”.
Kashteel Sadr:
a place at the front of the ship to protect it from waves.
Hejab:
a wooden board placed at the front, above Kashteel Sadr, to prevent the leakage of water.
Jali:
a cover for the opening of the cargo deck “Al-Jamra”.
Shalman:
wooden ribs that support the outer boards of the ship.
Atfa:
curved, wooden ribs which took the form of the ship to support the wooden ribs.
Karwa:
wooden ribs which took the form of angles, fixed in the middle of the ship.
Hezam:
thick, rectangular wooden boards extending all over the ship to support it.
Fels:
the wooden base on which the mast was based.
Al-Ghoul:
wooden blocks supporting the fils, also serving as a support for carrying the bier.
Jalanka:
wooden ribs for supporting the body of the ship.
Aqrab:
wooden ribs that fastened the right and the left sides of the ship taking the form of the belt.
Al-Roqaa:
the back part of the ship.
Al-Maqar:
a small opening in the right side of the ship for draining water, and is closed by a piece of wood (Esjaja).
The helm:
used for changing the direction of the ship and reducing its speed.
Al-Kana:
a wooden rib vertically attached to the helm.
The flag stick:
the flagstaff on which the flag of the ship was raised.
The mast:
a long piece of wood stretched in the middle of the ship, on which the sail was fastened.
The ship had more than one mast:
a big mast (“al-daqal al-aud”) and a small one (“al-daqal al-qalami”).
Al-Abd:
a wooden rib to support the mast and fasten it using a rope (“leziar”).
Drinking water’s tanks:
large containers in which water was kept for the sailors to drink during their journeys or their work.
The anchor:
a heavy object dropped by a chain, cable or rope and cast overboard to the vessel in place.
Al-Sen:
one of the ship anchors, consisting of a rectangular piece of stone with a hole in its tip to which a short iron chain was attached. The base of the rectangular piece was also pierced so as to attach the iron piece of the anchor to it in order to hold the rocky seabed. Al-Karrab was attached with a long rope known as “Al-Kharab” to hold the ship in case it reached the depth.
Al-Bawra:
an iron tool having different shapes and weights, used as an anchor for the ship in the sandy and muddy seabed.
Al-Farman:
a rectangular piece of wood attached to the mast, curved at the middle as it touched the mast.
Al-Nabbash:
a thin rectangular piece of wood used for raising the big mast.
Al-Dustour:
a piece of wood placed between the middle of the ship and its mast, and acted as the base that supported the sail.
Al-Shafra:
the front rib of the sail.
Al-Shuqqa:
one piece of the sailcloth.
Al-Damen:
the rope of the sail, called “al-kar”.
Al-Darour:
the short ropes that fastened the upper part of the sail to the “Farman”.
Al-Joush:
the back part of the sail to which the bottom of “al-joush” was fastened.
Al-Mukh:
the rope placed inside the sail to support it.

2005-08-02T19:23:00.000-07:00

Persian Gulf Environment II
.
.
.
.
.

Hope for Young Residents of Iraqi Marshlands;

.................................. "Venice" of Iraq

The Ramsar Convention is a "lucky" organization. Just because it was founded in Iran, we pay more attention to it. I use this occasion to introduce the active enviromental organizations in Persian Gulf Region. --Siamak D. Ahi

R a m s a r
C o n v e n t i o n
o n
W e t l a n d s

The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. (left: Ramsar Convention logo)

There are presently 144 Contracting Parties to the Convention, with 1428 wetland sites, totaling 124 million hectares, designated for inclusion in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. http://ramsar.org/ (left: Young Residents of Iraqi Marshlands)

Mission

"The Convention's mission is the conservation and wise use of all wetlands through local, regional and national actions and international cooperation, as a contribution towards achieving sustainable development throughout the world" . (left: Iraqi Marshlands)

Wetlands of Iran:

With this link it is easy to locate wetlands (Daryache or Taalaab) in Iran: http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default “Click on Select Sites using Web Mapper” t is easy to locate wetlands in Iran. You can choose the country or just click on the world map to zoom in. Here is the list of wetlands in Iran:

Neiriz Lakes and
Kamjan Marshes,
Lake Oroomiyeh,
Shadegan Marshes and
tideal mud flats of Khor Musa and Khor-al Amaya,
Khran Straits,
Hamoun-e Saberi,
Gavkhouni Lake and
Marshes of Lower Zayandeh Rud,
Miankaleh Peninsula,
Gorgan Bay,
Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandans.

World Wetlands Day

February 2nd each year is World Wetlands Day. It marks the date of the adoption of the Convention on Wetlands on 2 February 1971, in the Iranian city of Ramsar on the shores of the Caspian Sea.

Each year since 1997, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, and groups of citizens at all levels of the community have taken advantage of the opportunity to undertake actions aimed at raising public awareness of wetland values and benefits in general and the Ramsar Convention in particular.

From 1997 to 2004, there are reports of more than 80 countries of WWD activities of all sizes and shapes, from lectures and seminars, nature walks, children’s art contests, sampan races, and community clean-up days, to radio and television interviews and letters to newspapers, to the launch of new wetland policies, new Ramsar Sites, and new programs at the national level.For the location of all wetlands in the world see: http://www.wetlands.org/RSDB/default “Click on Select Sites using Web Mapper”

Ramsar Small Grants Fund (SGF) for Wetland Conservation and Wise Use
Current challenges to revitalize the "Venice of Iraq". International organzations went to Iraq .
helping new Iraqi government and NGOs to train people and discuss the issues.

The Ramsar Small Grants Fund, established in 1990, to assist developing countries and those with economies in transition in implementing the Convention and to enable the conservation and wise use of wetland resources.

Since then some 165 projects totaling about 6 million francs were funded or co-funded.

Home of the Ramsar Secretariat,
Gland, Switzerland

The Ramsar Secretariat staff housed by IUCN - The World Conservation Union in its headquarters building in Gland, Switzerland, includes at present 14 permanent positions and four internship positions. In addition, there are five staff members at the Coordination Unit of the Mediterranean Wetlands Initiative in Athens, Greece, all of them funded by the Government of Greece.

Cooperation between Ramsar and IUCN staff is extraordinarily close. The Convention on Wetlands is not part of the UN or UNEP system of environmental treaties, with many of the secretariats of which, however, Ramsar has established collaborative agreements.

Internships
at the Secretariat of the Convention on Wetlands

The Ramsar Internship Programme supports four regionally-oriented positions, one each for Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe; all are normally one-year positions and the Secretariat posts announcements in advance of each new vacancy. Candidates should be nationals of countries from the region being applied for. See: http://ramsar.org/about/about_internships.htm

Will Continue

2005-07-24T16:41:00.000-07:00

Persian Gulf environment, Iraqi Marshlands and Ramsar Convention

p a r t . o n e: I n t r o d u c t i o n

S i a m a k . D. A h i

P e r s i a n . G u l f . E n v i r o n m e n t

I r a q i . M a r s h l a n d s

and R a m s a r . C o n v e n t i o n

The Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty for national action and international cooperation for the conservation of wetlands.

Pollution of Persian Gulf is a very complex issue. A less discussed and researched one. In the Persian Gulf region, the Environmental Consiousness was low and there was no comprehensive enviromenal policy. The need for such policies was also not as pressing as in Europe. Environmental problems were not present in people's every day life, as it was the case in many industrial countries. Particularly the pollution of sea waters, which was happening far from their city, home and their daily life.

International organizations though, on occasions expressed their concerns about Persian Gulf pollution and even called it "The Most Polluted Body of Water". But the international community didn't pay much attention to it. The media didn't care about it. The companies in oil industry involved in this region, which come from all over the world, were of course, not interested in this particular issue. It could cost them hugely. In fact they were interested in covering up any environmental failure or disaster.

High Traffic of vessels for oil transport, made Persian Gulf the Most Polluted Body of Water.

Persian Gulf Wars, created black clouds, black rains and spread Radioactive Dust all over Persian Gulf Region...! These Gifts of Civilized World to Persian Gulf to be studied on one hand, and on the other hand, the water and lif in and around Persian Gulf, independent from oil or war, to be studied and monitored in much greater sense.
The basin is what we should know all about. We should know about all the rivers that run to Persian Gulf, About the ports and cities that dump their waste in it,… about birds, fishes,… and all form of wild life in and around it. A search that never ends, … as long as Persian Gulf exist.

Here, on this page, we will see more and more on this issue, and we will become familiar with organizations, people, laws and regulations, conventions and treaties, news, documents, projects, employments … and whatever can have any influence on the destiny of Persian Gulf Life. Iraqi Marshlands are one of them.

Iraqi Marshlands and Ramsar

What has Ramsar to do with Iraqi Wetlands: one on Caspian sea, and the other at the tail of Persian Gulf?

Well, in fact it does. In 1971, because of high number of wetlands in Iran, an International Convention on Wetlands was held in this country…. And now, the Iraqi Marshlands in neighboring country, are being helped by people who started caring about wetlands over three decades ago in Ramsar.

A convention of some 35 years ago in Iran, on Caspian Sea, in the city of Ramsar, was held on Wetlands worldwide. This connection of wetland history to Iran, and the today’s Iraqi Marshland Crisis, might be the best occasion to know more about Iraqi Marshland, its relation to Persian Gulf Pollution and wetlands in general.

Iraqi marshlands are located in the heart of waters flowing to Persian Gulf. The waters of vast basin of Mesopotamia (see the map), is carried by rivers of Tigris and Euphrates to Persian Gulf. Therefore, whatever pollution in this vast basin, mainly in Iraq, will add to the Persian Gulf pollution. But before reaching persian Gulf, it will affect the life of marshlands, its people and natural resources. The pollution carried by Tigris and Euphrates can involve also Turkey and Syria which don't have any direct connection or access to Persian Gulf.

Will Continue.

Radioactive Dust Over Persian Gulf Region

2005-07-15T15:55:00.000-07:00

Experts believe that anyone who has been in the Middle East and Afghanistan will be contaminated for life and many will have serious medical problems.

Object to
Depleted Uranium Weapons

Depleted uranium weapons are pyroforic metal - bullets and shells ignite when fired and 70 percent becomes a metal vapor, a radioactive gas which contaminates the atmosphere and terrain. Radioactive particles are blown about and ingested by all who come in contact with them.

Solar winds transport the radioactive dust around the world, falling to earth in rain, snow, fog and pollution. It takes just four days for DU radioactive pollution to travel from Iraq to the U.S.

Iraqis has been exposed to heavy doses of DU radiation; many have died, the rest will have an unimaginable future in their contaminated country. Iraqi children are being born with terrible birth defects - missing or deformed limbs, organs, partial faces, no eyes, horrible blood diseases and mental retardation. Life magazine has an online photo essay of these children.

American soldiers are returning with equally tragic contamination - there is a rise in severe birth defects in children born to those exposed to DU weapons. The VA reported 518,739 vets on disability from the Persian Gulf wars. Recent reports show a large number of troops returning from Iraq who require extensive medical treatment, resulting in a $2 billion VA shortfall.

Experts believe that anyone who has been in the Middle East and Afghanistan will be contaminated for life and many will have serious medical problems. The World Health Organization expects global cancer rates to increase 50 percent by 2020.

From:http://www.battlecreekenquirer.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050714/OPINION03/507140312/1014/OPINION

2005-07-13T15:50:00.000-07:00

The National Day of

Persian Gulf

Anniversary of Portuguese withdrawal from Persian Gulf

was labeled as the

"national day of Persian Gulf” on Iranian calendar.
Tehran, 16 July, 2005 (CHN)

*****

Anniversary of Portuguese withdrawal from Persian Gulf was labeled as “the national day of Persian Gulf” by the supreme council of Cultural Revolution of Iran.

In Tuesday night session of the council which was presided by Mohammad Khatami, it was decided to call the anniversary of Portuguese withdrawal from Persian Gulf, which is September 29th, the national day of “Persian Gulf” to counter the attempts of some international institutes and Arabian countries to alter the name of “Persian Gulf”.

Portuguese navy invaded Iran through Persian Gulf in early 16th century and occupied the southern part of the country. During their colonial period in south of Iran, they left several monuments in the region which bear the characteristics of Portuguese architecture. The remains of Portuguese castle which is contemporary to Safavid dynasty and is an example of such architecture is still standing in Qeshm Island, south of Iran.

*****

Same news in Persian:

سالروز اخراج پرتغالي ها از تنگه هرمز روز ملي خليج فارس

جزيره هرمز - قلعه پرتغالي ها

خبرگزاري دانشجويان ايران - تهران سرويس: سياسي
بنا به تصويب شوراي عالي انقلاب فرهنگي،

روز ملي خليج فارس

به تقويم ايران اضافه شد

در جلسه شب گذشته اين شورا كه به رياست حجت‌الاسلام‌والمسلمين سيدمحمدخاتمي تشكيل شد؛ شوراي عالي انقلاب فرهنگي با توجه به هدف قرار دادن هويت فرهنگي و تاريخي ملت ايران از سوي ايادي استكبار جهاني بخصوص برخي از كشورهاي همسايه و تلاش آنان جهت تحريم نام تاريخي خليج فارس، به پيشنهاد شوراي فرهنگ عمومي روز اخراج پرتغالي‌ها از تنگه هرمز را به عنوان روز ملي خليج فارس نامگذاري كرد.

2005-07-11T21:38:00.000-07:00

Nationalization of Oil in Iran

And

the "Creation of Arabian Gulf"

Siamak D. Ahi, May 26, 2005

The Invention of Arabian Gulf
The Idea of changing the name of Persian Gulf for the first time was suggested by Sir Charles Bellgrave the British diplomatic envoy in Bahrain in early 1930s. This suggestion was rejected by the ministry of colonies and foreign affair.

British Petroleum and Arabian Gulf
The first serious attempt to change the name of Persian Gulf was a British Petroleum policy. The motivation behind this effort was the revenge from Iranian people and government, because of the successful movement of nationalization of oil industry.

The first documented use of the fabricated term Arabian Gulf was in a book called The Golden Bubble of Arabian Gulf in 1952. The writer Roderick Owen was an agent of colonial apparatus in Emirate. He had close relation with the British secret service M16. He was also a policy maker behind British oil industry.
In short, the fabrication of the term Arabian Gulf and nationalization of oil industry in Iran happened at the same time.

Naser and Arab Nationalism
When Naser came to power in Egypt, the anti-Iranian propaganda and conspiracies increased significantly. This era was the beginning of the most dangerous and long-lived orchestrated effort to change the historical-legal name of Persian Gulf.

Naser put lots of pressure on the semi-independent countries of Persian Gulf. He used the financial resources of sheikdoms to promote the fabricated term of Arabian Gulf internationally. The efforts of Naserist regime and other nationalist Arabs particularly the Baathists in Syria and Iraq was very fruitful in cultural circles.

During 1960s and 70s numerous institutions were created to implement the propaganda plans of Arab nationalists. One of the main program of these institutions, which often operated in universities and research centers, was holding conferences and events.

They invited the scientists from all over the world and focused on some Persian Gulf issues. Under pressure of these events, the scientists used the term Arabian Gulf in their work and publications. The new so-called research institutes financed western scientists and researchers.

BBC and Arabian Gulf
In 1970s the use of Arabian Gulf was so spread around the world that not only many universities and research centers, but also private companies in business (particularly companies in publishing political-geographical business) and even governmental institutions were using the new fabricated name.

The most important achievement of these conspiracies was their influence on BBC. BBC was the most influential news agency in the world at the time. Foreign pressure and also the "Arabist" tendencies of senior officials of BBC led to their resistance in using the Persian Gulf. They welcomed the use of term "Gulf" instead.

This decision making of BBC in early 1970s had a very strong influence on the British publishing society. In mid-1970s most of British publications were using the term "Gulf" and erased the "Identity of Persian Gulf."

Persian Gulf Task Force
All these orchestrated activities of racist Arabs, which was often supported by their governments, remained unanswered. Unfortunately, there was no movement from Iranian government to oppose the conspiracies and saving the Persian Gulf historical identity. Even the independent and private Iranian research centers and businesses were silent and inactive.

The only hope for action was coming from the responsible Iranian individuals, who expressed their protests to institutes and companies, mostly in form of letters and meetings.

In 1998, with the creation of Persian Gulf Task Force, for the first time the defenders of Persian Gulf historical-legal identity, could act organized and coordinated. http://www.persiangulfonline.org/

Documents of United Nation on Persian Gulf
The United Nations with it s 22 Arab members countries has on two occasions officially declared the unalterable name of the sea between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula as the Persian Gulf. The first announcement was made through the document UNAD, 311/Geneva on March 5, 1971 and the second was UNLA 45.8.2(C) on August 10, 1984. Moreover, the annual U.N. conference for coordination on the geographical names has emphatically repeated the name "Persian Gulf" each year.

On History of Persian Gulf

The Latin term "Sinus Persicus" is equivalent to "Presicher Golf" in German, "Persico qof" in Italian and "Persidskizalir" in Russian, all of which means "Pars."
Prior to the stationing of the Aryan Iranians on Iran's Plateau, the Assyrians named the sea in their oldest transcriptions as the "bitter sea" and this is the oldest name that was used for the Persian Gulf.

An inscription of Darius found in the Suez Canal used a phrase with a mention of river Pars, which points to the same Persian Gulf.

Arabian Gulf in History
The Greek historian Herodotus in his book has repeatedly referred to the Red Sea as the "Arab Gulf."

Straben, the Greek historian of the second half of the first century BC and the first half of the first century AD Wrote: Arabs are living between the Arabian Gulf and the Persian Gulf.
Ptolemy, another renowned Greek geographer of the 2nd century has referred to the Red Sea as the "Arabicus Sinus." i.e. the Arabian Gulf.

Recognition of Persian Gulf
Persian Gulf, has been recognized as the real and rightful nomenclature not only by all ancient and past writers and historical nations but also by all modern international organizations and Int. societies among them the followings:

1- United Nation.

2- UNCSGN-United Nation Conference on Standardization of Geographical Names.

3- UN Cartographic Unit Staff.

4- IHO-International Hydrographic Organization.

5- IMO- International Maritime Organization.

6- IAPO-International Associations of Physical Oceanography.

7- IHB- International Hydrographic Bureau.

8- United nation Documents on geographical names.

9- UNICODE-Encoding Standards Consortium.

10- ISO-International Standardization Organization.

11- IHA- International Hydrographic Association.

12- UNGEGN-United Nations Group on Geographic Names.

13- UNGIWG- United Nation's Geographic Information Working group.

14- UNGIS- UN Geographical Information.

15- IAPO- International Association of Physical Oceanography

16- UNEP- United Nation Environmental Program.

17- UNESCO.

18- HABITAT.

19- WB- World Bank.

20- ICA- International Cartography Association.

Some Abusers of the Persian Gulf
Aramco, Asia-Soccer, British Airways, B C (BBC), http://www.guardian.co.uk/

HarperCollins Publisher , Hyatt Hotel ,
Olympic Airlines , Platts ,Reuters News , Simpsons Spence and Yong
Worldscale Association (London & New York)

Main Sources:

1. Persian Gulf and the conspiracy for changing its name,

Keyhan- London (in Pesian), Mahan Abedin

2. Conspiracy to change a heritage name "The Persian

Gulf", M.Ajam

3. A brief history of the name Persian Gulf, Atefeh Maziar.

4. persian gulf, from ancient time, has been Persian

Gulf, Dr. Mojtahed-zadeh

The articles could be found also here:

http://www.persiangulfonline.org/

Pictures:

Top: Tehran, Baharestan square,1952

Right: Dr. Mossadegh

Broken Oil Pipes In Persian Guf

2005-07-10T18:08:00.000-07:00

2005-07-10T17:47:00.000-07:00

Saudi Arabia: Environmental Issues

Introduction

Environmental protection issues in Saudi Arabia are strongly linked -- but not limited -- to the production, processing and transportation of oil and natural gas. In recent years, Saudi Arabia has been increasing its efforts aimed at protecting the country from various environmental hazards, while attempting to balance these concerns with the country's heavy dependence on hydrocarbon production and export. On the whole, Saudi Arabia is striving to minimize the impacts of the country's hydrocarbons sector on its environment (including the waters surrounding Saudi Arabia). Saudi Arabia also is attempting to safeguard the health of its rapidly growing population..

Saudi Arabia is keen to protect the environmental safety of the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, and the Saudi petroleum industry--led by Saudi Aramco, the state oil company--has contributed to environmental protection through safety measures, early warning systems against possible leakage, and advanced methods to control and contain any pollution. Saudi Aramco's Environmental Conservation Policy directs that the company not create undue risks to the environment, and that operations be carried out with concern for protection of the land, air, and water. Aramco has developed an array of operational requirements, engineering standards, and performance guidelines to implement this policy, including sanitary codes, environmental assessments, bioremediation, air quality and emission standards, noise-control regulations, landfill standards, water recycling procedures, hazardous material disposal rules, and oil spill contingency plans.

As world oil demand increases, however, Saudi Arabia is increasing its production and export capacity, leading to an increasing volume of oil being shipped through pipelines and via tankers. As shipping traffic becomes more congested, the odds of spills and accidents increases, putting the environment at greater risk.

Environmental Impact of Oil Exploration and Production

Although technological innovations have reduced the impact that oil exploration and extraction have on the environment, risks still remain. Offshore drilling can affect the integrity of the coastal shelf, as well as have a negative effect on marine life. Transporting oil to world markets -- via barge, supertanker, or pipeline - -runs the risk of spillage. Although improved ship design and better cleanup techniques have reduced the impact of oil spills, oil discharges in the Persian Gulf -- both accidental and otherwise -- have been on the increase, posing a threat to Gulf ecology and environment.

Offshore Development and Marine Life

A relative lack of precipitation, human population, inflow from rivers, and other natural disturbances has helped keep Red Sea reefs generally healthy. However, reefs located along the Saudi coast are threatened by pollution from offshore hydrocarbon development, as well as from the de-ballasting of oil tankers and other ships moving through the heavily trafficked Red Sea and Persian Gulf regions.On the Persian Gulf side, Saudi Arabia has infilled more than 40% of its coastline, wiping out half of its mangroves, while dredging and sedimentation are causing major ecological problems in coastal habitats. Fewer coral species thrive in the Persian Gulf than in the Red Sea, with many living near their maximum tolerances due to high salinity and wide temperature swings.

Environmentalists have warned that a significant percentage of the oil produced by offshore oil rigs has been spilling into the sea (which is already prone to contamination due to a relatively shallow average depth of of 97 feet) because of seepages in the sea bed, cracks in rigs, illegal discharges by oil companies and vessels and accidental spills. In addition, salt-laden wastewater from the oil production process that is dumped into the Gulf is increasing the salinity of the water and posing a grave threat to marine life. The Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment, a leading Arab environmental organization, warns that a September 1999 die-off of fish in the northern Gulf, due to high salt level in the water and 100-degree water temperatures, is the result of global warming compounded by indiscriminate dumping of wastewater in the region by oil companies and unchecked oil seepage. Although the latest industrial techniques go a long way to ensure that waste is handled in an environmentally-responsible fashion, many oil companies in the region have yet to implement these technologies.However, Saudi Arabia is beginning to take steps towards protecting its marine habitats while exploring for offshore oil. In 1997, Aramco began a study with the Research Institute at the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals in Dhahran to determine whether shallow marine habitats along the Red Sea coastline can be mapped reliably using satellite remote-sensing data and sophisticated image-processing techniques, thereby minimizing costly and damaging fieldwork. Such mapping is part of the company's ongoing effort to minimize the impact of shoreline and offshore activities on the marine environment.Aramco is undertaking a number of studies to determine how better to minimize its impact on the marine environment. Major marine studies include the 18-year-old Bioaccumulation Monitoring Program, which monitors the entry of hydrocarbons and heavy-metal toxins into the food chain of Gulf Coast clams. The Bioassay Toxicity Testing Program, the first of its kind in the region, tests the effect of drilling muds on laboratory-raised kin of the Gulf shrimp. The study has helped in the development of nontoxic drilling muds. Aramco also has worked with the National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development to plant mangrove trees along the Persian Gulf coastline of the Ras Tanura Peninsula, providing a nursery for fish and shrimp, and expanding the biological habitat in Tarut Bay.

Spills and Response Preparedness

Oil spills are a major threat to both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Heavy oil tanker traffic through several chokepoints, including Bab el-Mandab, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Suez Canal and Sumed Pipeline, are a constant threat. In addition, the extensive shallow coastal waters limit on-water recovery methods, making preventive strategies all the more important to protect coastal resources. In November 2000, a Saudi environmental report estimated that one million barrels of oil and waste products were dumpted or spilled into the Persian Gulf every year by shipping. Pollution also stems from oil and natural gas extraction activities. Gulf countries have established 21 centers along the coast in order to collect waste coming from shipping, and are looking to tighten restrictions on oil tankers entering the Gulf.

Nevertheless, the Persian Gulf has experienced a number of moderate-to-large oil spills over the past 20 years. During the Iran-Iraq war from 1980 to 1988, oil tankers in the Gulf were attacked, resulting in thousands of barrels of oil spillage. However, the damage done to the environment by that war was dwarfed by the catastrophic effects of oil spilled during the Persian Gulf War: on January 23, 1991, Iraq began intentionally pumping crude oil into the Gulf from the Sea Island supertanker terminal 10 miles off the Kuwaiti coast. The spill, described by then-Pentagon spokesman Pete Williams described the act as "the worst environmental disaster in the history of the Persian Gulf," is also the worst recorded oil spill in world history, with approximately 5.7 million barrels of oil dumped.

While a major international response effort recovered more than one million barrels of oil from Saudi Arabia's shoreline, the spill caused severe environmental damage, highlighting the need to respond quickly to future spills. MEPA is in charge of dealing with oil spills in Saudi waters--its reporting and response capabilities are outlined in the National Contingency Plan for Combating Marine Pollution by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Emergencies. According to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF), this plan established Environmental Protection Coordinating Committees--one for the Red Sea coast and one for the Gulf Coast. Among their responsibilities are the preparation of area plans (including local plans for marine and coastal oil facilities), identification of necessary manpower and equipment, and training staff in response activities.

In addition, the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organization (GAOCMAO), was established to protect the marine environment in the Persian Gulf from oil pollution emanating from operations of GAOCMAO member oil companies in the region. The organization was founded on the idea that each company shares the responsibility to ensure a long-term commitment to the "Clean Gulf" concept by preventing operational oil spills, stopping tanker discharges, safety of ships leading to cleaner seas, and total stoppage of industrial waste discharge to sea.

Saudi Aramco, which is a charter member of GAOCMAO, is also a member of several key regional and international agencies involved in oil spill response. Aramco is a member of the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association, whose main purpose is to inform members of environmental developments and facilitate communications between the oil industry and relevant organizations on environmental issues. The company also participates in the Oil Industry International Exploration & Production Forum, the Oil Companies International Marine Forum, and ITOPF.

In addition to its readiness training, Aramco maintains regional command and control centers for oil spill response, and houses emergency equipment, including dedicated aircraft, to battle spills at sea. Aramco engages in air and sea surveillance of all its offshore operating areas, and has a full-time oil spill cleanup group dedicated to the task of pollution control in and around the company's exporting terminals.

In February 2002, Saudi Arabia and Iran signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on environmental cooperation between the two countries. The MoU covers various envrionmental issues, including "protecting various species of animals and wildlife as well as other fields related to the environment."

See:http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudenv.html

Persian Gulf Pollution from Space

2005-07-10T17:34:00.000-07:00

Oceanography from the Space Shuttle
http://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/wpk/ocean/oss_122.html

2005-07-10T17:09:00.000-07:00

Sep 25, 1996 - from NASA Internet Sites
Oil Spill

Widespread manmade pollution of the sea that can be detected by current spaceborne systems is concentrated in the Middle East, particularly in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Obviously, there is some pollution wherever ships discharge material into the sea that is foreign to the marine environment. These events are short-lived, however, and cannot be located and tracked from space observations (whatever the electromagnetic frequency).

The amount of petroleum products ending up in the ocean is estimated at 0.25% of world oil production: about 6 million tons per year. Seagoing tankers carry 60% of all oil extracted. The oceanic pollution is caused when these ships flush their tanks with seawater. A smaller percentage comes from passenger ships and freighters draining water ballast from their fuel tanks (Monin and Krasitskiy, 1985).

The greatest volume of petroleum products dumped into the ocean is carried there by rivers. It represents more than triple the quantity coming from all tankers and other ships. Oil and other petroleum products are discharged into rivers and the ocean by many industrial enterprises, including oil refineries and oil storage installations, The quantity of petroleum products dumped each year into the sewage network by gasoline stations twice exceeds the amount resulting from ship disasters.

Locally, especially in coastal regions, a sudden spill of oil into the sea can have catastrophic consequences that are usually short-lived. In the case of the Kharg Island spill in the Persian Gulf, the flow into the sea has been nearly continuous since 1982. As a result, an entire fishing industry has been destroyed, complete populations of some fish species are now extinct in that habitat, and desalination. plants have become inoperative. It is unlikely that the Persian Gulf waters will return to normal in this century.

See:
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~nabil/dsspol.htm

2005-07-10T16:57:00.000-07:00

Environmental Consequences Of The Gulf War
Excerpts from the U.S. Congressional Record, April 16, 1991

Congresswoman Nancy Pelosi

Ms. PELOSI. Mr. Speaker, I rise today to call attention to an issue and a situation that has the concern of many of the families in my district who have children, husbands, brothers, and sisters in the Persian Gulf. Mr. Speaker, while agencies and task forces take samples and analyze data to determine the health risks of Saddam Hussein's ecoterrorism, there can be no doubt that U.S. troops stationed in the gulf are being exposed to an unusually high amount of air pollution. The calls I have received from the families of troops in the Persian Gulf from my district are concerned that the troops are not home yet. Some of them have conveyed to their parents that they will not be home until September, after a long, hot summer in the Persian Gulf, and they are very concerned about the atmosphere of the air that they breathe while they are in Kuwait.

Mr. Speaker, thick clouds of black smoke from the well fires have been spewing into Kuwaiti skies for over a month, obscuring the sun with air pollutants estimated at 10 times the amount produced by all the industrial and electric generating plants in the United States combined. Air pollution from oil well fires is so bad that soldiers stationed in the gulf need flashlights to see in the daytime, and the flags that fly over the newly liberated Kuwait are streaked with soot.

The Environmental Protection Agency has detected some air pollutants attributed to the gulf fires halfway around the world at its Mauna Loa station in the Hawaiian Islands.

See
http://www.parstimes.com/environment/persian_gulf_cr02.html

The Persian Gulf: After the Storm

2005-07-10T12:53:00.000-07:00

Skirting abandoned bunkers and mindful of hidden Iraqi mines, we have driven deep into the inferno of Kuwait Ahmadi oil field. Fires of dynamited wellheads, roaring like jet engines, rage on every side.

We stop for photographer Steve McCurry to shoot pictures, and I take a count. Sixty-eight fountains of fire hurl smoke into the black canopy overhead. Throughout this shattered land more than 500 flaming wells spew poisons aloft, each systematically ignited by Iraqi invaders three weeks before.

In this dark and surrealistic landscape a drizzle of soot and oil flashes in our headlights and stains our protective gauze masks. The smoke cloud blocks the midmorning sun, and the fouled desert air is chill.

Some of the fires leap 200 feet (61 meters) in the air. Twisting and writhing in the wind, they resemble flaming tornadoes tethered to their wellheads. The hottest we give wide berth, lest the searing heat touch off our gas tank.

see:
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/100best/storyD_story.html